A history of U.S. tariffs: Quantifying strategic trade‑offs in tariff policy design

U.S. tariff policy has historically balanced competing goals—revenue, protection, and reciprocity. Policy priorities have shifted over time in response to changing economic and political conditions. Using a calibrated general equilibrium model, we illustrate these trade-offs through the lens of tariff Laffer curves. A 70 % tariff maximizes U.S. revenue only in the absence of retaliation; this optimum falls to 30 % with reciprocal tariffs. A unilateral 25 % tariff delivers the largest domestic consumption gains through favorable terms-of-trade effects, though these gains vanish under retaliation. Simulations also show that multilateral retaliatory tariffs can partially offset losses for Mexico and Canada—unless escalation triggers broader trade conflict. The 2018–19 tariff war further illustrates how targeted tariffs distort relative prices and cross-border resource allocation.