Advanced strategies in organoids for metabolic monitoring and metabolic disease modeling

Metabolic diseases have emerged as a paramount global health threat amidst evolving lifestyles, with mechanistic investigations and therapeutic advancements impeded by the absence of physiologically relevant human experimental models. Organoids, self-organizing three-dimensional cultures of self-renewing cells, recapitulate in vivo tissue architecture and function by spontaneously forming structures analogous to native organs. Notably, this technology has demonstrated transformative utility across diverse biomedical fields, including disease modeling, developmental biology, regenerative medicine, and precision oncology, garnering substantial attention as a next-generation biological platform. In this review, we summarize recent progress in organoid-based metabolic monitoring and the generation of metabolic disease-associated organoids, detailing their construction methodologies and research milestones. We further discuss the current challenges and the future opportunities of the development and application of organoid technology in metabolic research.