The drying of the Aral Sea: Soil formation and restoration potential on the seabed

The drying of the Aral Sea has exposed vast seabed areas characterized by heterogeneous soils influenced by climatic, hydrological, and ecological factors. This research analyzed the physical, chemical, and nutrient properties of soils from ten profiles that illustrate different stages of the Aral Sea's retreat. The results revealed substantial spatial variation in soil properties, including particle-size distribution, salinity, organic matter, and nutrient content. While earlier exposure profiles generally exhibited finer textures, lower salinity (EC), and higher organic matter content, nutrient distribution (N, P, K) did not follow a consistent age-related trend. Instead, elevated nutrient levels were observed in profiles across all exposure stages, highlighting the influence of vegetation input and localized site conditions. Salinity has been identified as a significant factor impeding soil development and vegetation establishment, exhibiting strong negative correlations with organic matter and nutrient retention. Surface salinity and nutrient depletion were most severe in the top 0–5 cm layer; mulching may help improve conditions for plant establishment. These findings emphasize the need for site-specific restoration planning based on measured soil characteristics. Areas with suitable soil conditions may grow drought-resistant species, whereas regions characterized by high salinity or degradation necessitate halophytes that are adapted to low fertility and extreme environmental conditions. These insights provide critical guidance for the implementation of targeted, site-specific restoration projects focused on soil stabilization, biodiversity enhancement, and desertification mitigation in the Aral Sea region.