A review of hydrogen-powered distributed propulsion aircraft

Abstract In recent decades, the detrimental impact of aviation has grown into a serious problem for the aeronautical sector. Even while well established modern innovations like high bypass ratio engines and composite materials have enhanced efficiency, there is still a growing need for more environmentally friendly alternatives. In this review, hydrogen-powered distributed propulsion aircraft are considered as an appealing means of reducing emissions and operating costs. In light of its high specific energy, liquid hydrogen is recognized as a major catalyst, requiring developments in lightweight, reusable cryogenic storage systems. The shift to hydrogen-powered aircraft with a fleet adoption rate of 40% by 2050 could offset 250 million tons of carbon dioxide, reducing aviation’s global carbon footprint by 12%. The blended-wing-body concept, offering aerodynamic and environmental benefits, is pointed out as an optimal configuration to integrate distributed propulsion together with boundary-layer-ingestion technologies. This article analyzes the state of the art in hydrogen technologies, blended-wing-body design challenges, and distributed propulsion systems. Furthermore, it evaluates the technological, financial, and regulatory hurdles, suggesting potential development paths to make hydrogen-powered aircraft viable in the future.