Filter feeder’s role in disease management: A review

Filter-feeding invertebrates, particularly bivalves, play a crucial role in regulating pathogen dynamics in aquatic ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, mussels, oysters, and clams can capture and remove bacteria, viruses, protozoans, and parasite larvae, thereby reducing infection risks for both aquatic organisms and humans. Evidence such as the inactivation of avian influenza virus by Corbicula fluminea highlights their potential as natural disease buffers at the wildlife-environment interface. In aquaculture—especially Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) systems—filter feeders contribute to disease control by lowering microbial loads, suppressing opportunistic pathogens like Vibrio spp., and reducing reliance on antibiotics. However, their role is dual: while some pathogens are degraded or inactivated during filtration, others, such as noroviruses and Vibrio spp., can persist in tissues, making bivalves both pathogen sinks and reservoirs. Other filter-feeding invertebrates, including sponges and ascidians, also exhibit high clearance rates and show potential applications in bioremediation. Climate change drivers—warming, acidification, and eutrophication—are expected to further shape filter-feeder-pathogen interactions. Overall, filter feeders provide valuable ecosystem and aquaculture services by enhancing water quality and contributing to natural disease management.