Integrative Review of Reproductive Biology in the Muga Silkworm (Antheraea assamensis): Anatomy, Endocrinology, Seasonality and Seed Technology

The muga silkworm (Antheraea assamensis Helfer), a mono-raced, semi-domesticated saturniid endemic to northeastern India, is globally renowned for producing golden muga silk, a textile with unmatched luster and cultural heritage. The sustainability of muga sericulture critically depends on optimizing seed production, which is intrinsically linked to the reproductive biology of the species. This review integrates the anatomical, physiological, hormonal, behavioral, and environmental aspects governing reproduction in A. assamensis. It synthesizes recent findings on reproductive organ morphology, sperm dimorphism, endocrine regulation via juvenile hormone (JH-III), 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E), and methoprene, and evaluates the influence of mating duration, seasonality, and oviposition substrates on fecundity and fertility. Copulation duration of 7–8 hours, autumnal conditions, and biodegradable oviposition devices are consistently associated with improved reproductive outcomes. Despite significant advances, reproductive efficiency remains suboptimal due to climatic sensitivity, high egg retention, and inconsistent grainage practices. Critical research gaps persist in understanding neuroendocrine control, sperm viability, stress physiology, and molecular regulation. We propose a future roadmap involving high-throughput omics, genome sequencing, precision grainage protocols, and integrative reproductive modeling to enhance seed viability, ensure genetic conservation, and stabilize muga silk productivity. This review provides a comprehensive foundation for advancing reproductive biotechnology in A. assamensis, laying the groundwork for sustainable sericulture innovation.