A Comparative Study of Sustainable Production and Consumption Practices in the Indian Two-Wheeler Sector

The Indian two-wheeler industry vital for urban mobility and economic growth is undergoing a critical transition toward sustainability, shaped by evolving regulations and rapid technological innovation. This study adopts a dual-lens comparative review, integrating regulatory evolution and technological adoption, to assess sustainable production and consumption practices in major industry players including Bajaj Auto, TVS Motors, Hero MotoCorp, Ather Energy, and Ola Electric. By linking policy milestones such as BS-VI emission norms, renewable energy incentives, and Electric Vehicle (EV) promotion schemes with advancements in battery technology, digital manufacturing, and circular economy initiatives, the analysis identifies synergies, gaps, and best practices. Findings show that while some firms have achieved operational emission reductions of up to 40%, persistent barriers including high capital costs, regulatory inconsistencies, and workforce skill shortages limit broader adoption. The study’s novelty lies in providing a structured framework that connects regulatory and technological trajectories to firm-level outcomes, offering actionable strategies for policy–industry alignment. Recommendations include stricter compliance enforcement, accelerated EV infrastructure development, and expanded circular economy practices. These insights contribute a roadmap for balancing industrial competitiveness, stakeholder interests, and sustainability goals in one of the world’s fastest-growing mobility sectors.