Harnessing cyanobacteria for a greener tomorrow: CO₂ mitigation and bioconversion to sustainable chemicals and fuels

The depletion of fossil fuels and the escalating impact of climate change have driven the search for sustainable energy alternatives. Bioenergy has emerged as a promising substitute; however, first- and second-generation biofuels pose concerns regarding food security and water scarcity. In contrast, third-generation biofuels derived from cyanobacteria and microalgae offer viable solutions due to their ability to fix carbon dioxide (CO₂), thrive in non-arable lands, exhibit rapid growth, and produce high lipid yields for biofuel extraction. This review explores the production of biodiesel, biomethane, biohydrogen, and bioethanol from these microorganisms. Furthermore, it discusses advancements in biotechnology that enhance biofuel yield, evaluates the challenges and possibilities associated with these methods, and highlights the role of cyanobacteria and microalgae in eco-friendly biomass production and CO₂ sequestration. By integrating sustainable biotechnology, these microorganisms contribute to the development of renewable energy while mitigating environmental concerns, paving the way for a greener and more sustainable future.