Association between Pro-Platelet Basic Protein, Insulinoma-associated Antigen-2 Autoantibody and Some Biochemical Markers in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes

Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease that is marked by the loss of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in the absence or lack of insulin in the body. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate key immunological markers in T1DM patients. Methodology: The case-control study included 89 subjects (69 with T1DM and 20 controls). Random blood sugar (RBS), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), connecting peptide (C-peptide), insulinoma-associated 2 protein autoantibodies (IA-2A), and pro-platelet basic protein (PPBP) were measured in T1DM patients and control groups. Additionally, IA-2A and PPBP levels were analyzed across different subgroups within the T1DM cohort. Results: T1DM patients exhibited significantly higher levels of RBS and HbA1c compared to controls. Serum C-peptide levels were significantly lower in T1DM patients. IA-2A levels were elevated in T1DM patients relative to controls (p = 0.0022). Although IA-2A level did not differ significantly across age groups, females with T1DM showed significantly higher IA-2A levels than males (p = 0.0334). IA-2A levels declined significantly over time in T1DM patients (p < 0.0001). PPBP levels were significantly higher in T1DM patients compared to controls (p = 0.0013) and were non-significantly higher in females than males. PPBP levels decreased significantly with longer disease duration (p = 0.0001). Conclusion: The study confirms that T1DM patients significantly have elevated RBS, HbA1c, IA-2A and PPBP, alongside declining C-peptide levels. These findings underscore the importance of both autoimmune and metabolic markers in the diagnosis and monitoring of T1DM.