Public knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Esophageal Cancer in Makkah region, Saudi Arabia: cross sectional study

Introduction: Esophageal cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy affecting the esophagus. In Saudi Arabia, including the Makkah region, the incidence is rising, highlighting the need for a better public understanding of the disease. This study evaluated knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding esophageal cancer in Makkah. Methods: A cross-sectional study surveyed the public in Makkah region using an online questionnaire distributed via Google Forms. A minimum sample size of 385 participants was targeted and selected through convenience sampling. The questionnaire assessed sociodemographic data, awareness of esophageal cancer, its symptoms, risk factors, and screening practices. Results: Among 494 participants, 256 (51.8%) were aged 20-30 years, and 336 (68.0%) were females. Most held a bachelor’s degree (n=325, 65.8%). Only 18 (3.6%) reported a family history of esophageal cancer and 10 (2.0%) had been diagnosed with the disease. Awareness of esophageal cancer was low, with 217 (43.9%) having heard about it. The most recognized symptom was difficulty swallowing (n=316, 64.0%) and the top risk factor was smoking (n=406, 82.2%). Only 174 (35.2%) were aware of the screening program. Knowledge levels varied by age, education, and information source, with the medical field being the most reliable source of good knowledge (n=85, 67.5%). Conclusion: There was a notable gap in public awareness of esophageal cancer symptoms and screening practices. Enhancing educational efforts and screening accessibility is crucial to address this growing health concern effectively.