CO2 Storage in Mature Fields: Impact of Promoters on CO2 Hydrate Formation

Abstract The storage of CO2 in mature fields offers a promising solution to mitigate climate change, with the potential to utilize existing infrastructure while enhancing storage capacity and security. This review focuses on the impact of hydrate promoters on CO2 hydrate formation in such fields, examining traditional thermodynamic and kinetic promoters and innovative, eco-friendly, and nanoparticle-based alternatives. The review highlights the advantages and limitations of these promoters, with an emphasis on sustainability, efficiency, and environmental safety. The influence of porous media characteristics and the interaction between promoters and subsurface conditions are also explored. The paper also identifies key research gaps, such as the need for multi-promoter systems and standardized testing protocols, and proposes future directions for integrating hydrate-based CO2 storage with existing CO2 storage technologies like CO2-EOR. The findings suggest that while significant progress has been made, further research is required to optimize these systems for real-world applications, particularly in enhancing efficiency, scalability, and environmental sustainability.