Optimizing Free Space Optics for 5G Networks Using the Pachycondyla Apicalis Algorithm

Free-space optics (FSO) are advanced optical communication systems that use light propagation in open space for line-of-sight communication. This technology offers a remarkable combination of advantages, including secure transmission, very high bandwidth, and rapid data transfer rates, making it well-suited for upcoming 5G networks. However, atmospheric disturbances such as rain, temperature changes, snow, and mist often limit the performance of FSO systems.This paper compares the performances of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and the Pachycondyla apicalis algorithm (API) in optimizing the divergence angle in FSO systems. Both methods adapt dynamically to environmental changes, but the API employs a different approach, offering more robust solutions to these challenges. The results confirm that API consistently outperforms PSO in enhancing link margin and stability, achieving significantly better attenuation rates (e.g., 3.8 dB vs. 6.6 dB at θ = 2.6 mrad). Statistical analysis using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method further validates API's superior performance, emphasizing its importance in optimizing FSO systems for reliable and high-speed wireless communication.