Manufacturing Platform’s Pricing and Green R&D With Technology Spillovers Under Supply Chain Co-opetition

With the maturity of digital technology, manufacturing platforms that achieve the connection between productions and sales are becoming increasingly common. For a two-level manufacturing platform supply chain comprising a manufacturing platform, a manufacturer of the check-in platform, and retailers, this paper constructs a noncooperative-cooperative biform game model to study the green R&D with technology spillovers and pricing in co-opetition situation. The co-opetition is reflected in price competition and green competition between the manufacturing platform and the manufacturer, and the revenue sharing between online and offline channels. The coupling mechanism between competition and cooperation is revealed. Cooperation stability is proved by convexity of the cooperative game and individual rationality of allocation values. By a numerical example, our results reveal that increasing online channel acceptance will decrease the manufacturing platform's profit, which is surprising and counter-intuitive. A unidirectional technology spillover will reduce the price, green R&D level, and profit of the enterprise. But moderate technology spillover of the manufacturer can improve social welfare. In order to accomplish a win-win situation for enterprises and society, the manufacturing platform can get low-level technology spillover of the manufacturer by green R&D cooperation. Our paper provides theoretical guidance for the co-opetition in platform supply chain.