A Knowledge-Driven Approach to Threat Validation and Security Reasoning in Modular Systems

Modular systems are increasingly employed in critical application domains such as healthcare, smart cities, and Industry 4.0 platforms, where dynamic integration of components poses substantial challenges in ensuring consistent and secure operation. Validating system configurations against known vulnerabilities and threats requires formal, scalable, and explainable approaches. This paper presents a knowledge-driven framework designed to support validation of modular systems with respect to cyber-security threats and consistency constraints. Our approach leverages domain-specific ontologies built from well-established threat and vulnerability taxonomies and encodes inference rules to automatically detect potential threats and recommend mitigation strategies. The framework, which includes a reasoning engine and a user-friendly graphical interface providing transparent and traceable explanations for each identified threat, it is applied to a modular platform for privacy-preserving, decentralized processing of health data across European institutions. While this composable architecture enables multiple stakeholders to develop, deploy, and maintain specialised components fostering scalability and flexibility, it also introduces critical risks related to architectural coherence and security enforcement. In this context, our framework ensures a human-interpretable assessment of the system’s security posture, even in the presence of heterogeneous technologies and policies.