Regime Change and 5G Network Construction: Malaysia’s Strategic Choices Under US-China Competition

Amid the rapid growth of the global digital economy, fifth generation (5G) technology has become both a driver of industrial advancement and a key arena of United States (U.S.)-China competition. Capitalizing on its geographical advantages and digital potential, Malaysia adopted the Single Wholesale Network (SWN) model, making it a unique case in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). However, frequent regime changes and great power rivalry have introduced policy uncertainty and geopolitical pressure. This study, based on neoclassical realism, employs qualitative process tracing based on documentary analysis to examine Malaysia’s 5G policy choices and technological trajectory. Findings indicate that while the SWN model enhances resource integration and cost control, its limitations in market competition and transparency have raised domestic concerns and weakened policy credibility. Internationally, it has been viewed as a strategic move, exposing Malaysia to diplomatic pressure and investment challenges. Policy shifts have further introduced strategic uncertainties, highlighting tensions between stability and flexibility. The recent transition to a dual-network model represents a crucial step toward greater technological diversity and market competition, opening new avenues for sustainable digital development. Moving forward, Malaysia must navigate the balance between policy stability and adaptability in an evolving global tech landscape.