Adaptation, Validity, and Reliability of the Turkish Version of Contrast Avoidance Questionnaires

This study aimed to adapt the Contrast Avoidance Model (CAM) and its measurement tools into Turkish while evaluating their psychometric properties.Llera and Newman (2017) developed the CAM to explore how avoiding sudden emotional changes can lead to pathological worry.The study utilized the Contrast Avoidance Questionnaires (CAQs), which comprises two scales: the Contrast Avoidance Questionnaire-Worry (CAQ-W) and Contrast Avoidance Questionnaire-General Emotions (CAQ-GE).A total of 549 participants, aged 18-66 (M=27.21),completed the CAQ-W, CAQ-GE, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, Why Worry-II Scale, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-II, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, and Symptom Checklist-90.Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the original threefactor structure of the CAQ-W and the two-factor structure of the CAQ-GE (CAQ-W: /df=2.97;Goodness of Fit Index [GFI]=0.87;Comparative Fit Index [CFI]=0.91;Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA]=0.06;CAQ-GE: /df=2.73;GFI=0.90;CFI=0.95;RMSEA=0.05).The internal consistency was high (=0.92for CAQ-W; =0.95 for CAQ-GE),with test-retest correlations of 0.77 and 0.82, respectively.Although women scored higher on contrast avoidance than men, this difference was not statistically significant.Overall, the findings suggest that the Turkish versions of the CAQs are valid and reliable tools for assessing contrast avoidance mechanisms in the Turkish population.