Caught in the vacuum: Policies addressing online harms in Maltese secondary schools

Abstract This study investigates the strategies employed by Maltese secondary schools to protect students from online harms such as cyberbullying, sexting and hate speech. The research utilises Moor's theory of conceptual and policy vacuums to explore the policy challenges schools face in addressing these issues. Data were collected through qualitative interviews with 21 participants, including policymakers, school leaders and teachers, alongside an analysis of relevant policy documents. Findings reveal significant gaps in awareness and policy implementation, with schools struggling to manage online harms effectively. Cyberbullying emerged as the primary concern, exacerbated by blurred boundaries between school and home environments. Sexting and digital sexual abuse were less acknowledged, reflecting cultural taboos and inadequate policy frameworks. The study underscores the need for comprehensive, standardised policies and increased awareness among educators to ensure the safety and wellbeing of students in the digital age. The findings call for targeted efforts to bridge these policy and conceptual vacuums, fostering a safer online environment for young people.