Exploring the Spatio‐Temporal Variability, Interrelationships and Ecological Sustainability of Cropland Fragmentation and Habitat Quality: A Case Study of Northwest China

ABSTRACT Cropland fragmentation (CLF) has profound implications for both ecological functions and agricultural production security. The northwest region of China is a critical area for agricultural development; however, the CLF phenomenon in this region is complex, and its ecosystem is highly vulnerable. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the spatial and temporal patterns of CLF and habitat quality (HQ) in this region, as well as their interrelationships, is essential for preserving regional ecological sustainability and ensuring food security. Based on landscape indicators and socio‐economic attributes, we developed a comprehensive evaluation index system for CLF, which includes scalability (SPI), natural endowment (NPI), aggregation (API), and convenience (CPI). Regional HQ was evaluated using the Integrated Assessment of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model. The study explores the spatial distribution characteristics, spatial relationships, and the driving mechanisms of CLF and HQ from 2000 to 2022. The results indicated that the spatio‐temporal variation of CLF exhibited significant heterogeneity and complexity, with high values concentrated in the northwestern region characterized by higher elevation, and low values clustered in the northeastern region. CLF showed a substantial increase from 2000 to 2010, followed by a decline and eventual stabilization from 2010 to 2022. Poor‐level HQ was predominantly found in urban aggregations and desert areas, whereas excellent‐level HQ was mainly located in grassland and forest ecosystems. Overall, HQ exhibited a declining trend over the past 22 years, and a strong positive correlation was observed between CLF and HQ, both showing significant spatial clustering. The slope was identified as the most influential predictor of HQ. The research findings can offer valuable reference and theoretical support for the management of cultivated land use, the protection of sustainable agricultural development, and the implementation of targeted measures at the regional scale.