Optimization of high-density planting configurations for poovan banana (Musa spp.) in coconut-based agroforestry system of the Cauvery delta zone of India

Bananas (Musa spp.) are a crucial global agricultural commodity, playing a vital role in tropical agroecosystems. The Poovan cultivar demonstrates high productivity and adaptability in coconut-based agroforestry systems. This study investigates the influence of planting geometries on crop performance in the Cauvery delta zone, assessing five spatial configurations (2.1 × 2.1 m to 0.9 × 0.9 m) across morphological, physiological and economic parameters. Results indicate that wider spacing (2.1 × 2.1 m) significantly enhances leaf morphological traits, yielding maximum leaf length (148.17 cm), breadth (77.75 cm) and a Leaf Area Index (LAI) of 2.61 m²/plant. Fruit quality is also improved, with increased bunch weights (16 kg), larger fruit dimensions (20 cm length), higher sugar content (22 Brix) and greater firmness (4.5 kg/cm²). Conversely, denser spacing increases plant population per unit area but results in reduced individual plant growth and fruit quality. Economic analysis reveals that the 1.5 × 1.5 m spacing is the most cost-effective, achieving a benefit-cost ratio of 1.14, optimizing yield and revenue potential. These findings highlight the complex relationship between plant density, resource allocation and productivity in tropical agricultural systems. By identifying optimal planting geometries, this study provides practical recommendations for sustainable intensification in coconut-based agroforestry, maximizing land use efficiency while ensuring high-quality banana production. Optimizing spacing helps maximize land productivity, improve microclimate and ensure sustainable farm income. Banana intercropping in coconut gardens is a viable practice to enhance land productivity and farmer income. However, appropriate spacing (2.1 m x 2.1 m) is crucial to minimize resource competition and maximize returns. Continued research and extension services can help optimize these systems for diverse agro-ecological zones. The results offer a valuable framework for improving productivity and economic resilience, aiding farmers in making informed decisions to enhance profitability best economic returns often come from spacing like 2.1 m x 2.1m, balancing yield and input cost in integrated farming systems.