Comparison of different hydromorphone bolus doses in patient-controlled intravenous analgesia for post-laparoscopic surgery: a randomized controlled trial

Hydromorphone PCIA at bolus doses of 0.20 mg, 0.25 mg, and 0.30 mg provided equivalent analgesic effectiveness in patients following laparoscopic surgery. The 0.20 mg dose group exhibited higher bolus administration frequency, whereas the 0.25 mg dose demonstrated the lowest incidence of adverse events, suggesting an optimal balance between analgesic efficacy and side-effect profile.