A Review of the Application of Terrestrial Laser Scanning in Challenging Environments

Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) technology has become a highly effective tool for capturing detailed and precise 3D data across various fields, expecially for challenging environments such as complex terrain. Its key features, including high precision and rapid data acquisition, make it extensively used in mapping, geology, construction, and mining arrea. TLS is particularly beneficial in the mining sector, aiding in detailed mapping, monitoring slope stability, and volume estimation. The technology's ability to quickly capture millions of data points enhances efficiency and reduces costs compared to traditional surveying methods. Additionally, TLS is adaptable to various environments, from urban settings to rugged terrains, making it valuable for environmental monitoring and research. Reviews have highlighted its effectiveness in monitoring ground deformations, enhancing accuracy in construction projects, and improving safety and efficiency in challenging environments. The integration of TLS with other technologies, such as UAV photogrammetry and GNSS, further enhances its capabilities, providing comprehensive data for various applications. This study aims to provide a thorough overview of the application of TLS in complex terrains, using data from publications over recent years. The reviewed literature demonstrates that TLS can be effectively applied in challenging environments.