Advanced cellular platforms for optimizing extracellular vesicle yield and functionality

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold promise as therapeutic agents in regenerative medicine, immunotherapy, and drug delivery due to their intrinsic bioactivity and role in intercellular communication.However, clinical translation is hindered by low yield and variable quality.Recent advances in cell engineering have introduced strategies to address these limitations.This mini review summarizes key approaches to enhance EV production and functionality, including surface modification with biomaterials, nutrient optimization, mechanical stimulation, and 3D hydrogel-based culture systems.These methods provide mechanistic insights and potential pathways for scalable EV manufacturing.