Modelling and simulation approaches for turbulent spray atomisation and combustion

The atomisation and combustion of liquid fuel sprays involve a complex interplay of processes, including interface dynamics, primary and secondary atomisation, droplet dispersion, evaporation, mixing, chemical reactions and heat release. These processes are influenced by multiscale turbulent interactions and interphase coupling. Accurate modelling of such flows requires integrating models for each process in a consistent, computationally efficient manner. This paper reviews the field, detailing key aspects and evaluating the performance of established and emerging modelling approaches within single-fluid and two-fluid paradigms. Emphasis is placed on large eddy simulation, conserved scalar formulations, and probability density function models, which offer elegant and tractable solutions for predicting spray atomisation and combustion. • Spray atomisation and combustion models are reviewed, focusing on large eddy simulations. • Atomisation models are categorised into single-fluid and two-fluid approaches. • Emerging atomisation models including Σ − Y , EVD and PDF–PBE method are featured. • Conserved scalar models for evaporation, scalar mixing, and TCI are reviewed.