Magnetically driven free convection of nanofluids in rectangular cavities: A FEM approach

This research paper comprehensively investigates magnetohydrodynamic free convection in a ferrofluid-filled rectangular cavity. The researchers designed a rectangular cavity where the left vertical wall maintains a warmer temperature than the right, while the horizontal walls (top and bottom) are adiabatic. A uniform magnetic field is imposed horizontally along the positive x- axis. The main objective is to analyse the impacts of various parameters, such as Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 60), Rayleigh number (10 3 ≤ Ra ≤ 10 6 ), and volume fraction (0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.04), on the heat transfer characteristics and fluid flow behavior within the enclosure. The governing equations are rigorously solved using the Galerkin finite element method. Quality plots like streamlines and isotherms and quantity plots like average Nusselt number ( Nu a ) are presented to elucidate the underlying physics. The findings indicate that increasing Rayleigh numbers increases the convective flow, whereas increasing Hartmann numbers decreases the convective flow, promoting conduction as the primary mode of heat transfer. It is also notable that the inclusion of a magnetic field significantly alters the flow and temperature distributions, leading to a notable reduction in average Nusselt number. Furthermore, the incorporation of nanoparticles is found to intensify the heat transfer rates, with higher volume fractions yielding greater thermal performance. These findings offer significant implications for advancing thermal management, material processing techniques, and magnetohydrodynamic power generation, thereby providing innovative heat transfer solutions across diverse engineering applications.