On the verge of Industry 5.0: a socio-technical perspective on non-knowledge workers and workplace well-being

Purpose This study explores how the use of Industry 4.0 technologies impacts the workplace well-being (WWB) of non-knowledge workers within manufacturing environments. In the context of the transition to Industry 5.0, where human well-being complements digital efficiency, the research aims to assess whether this impact exists and whether it is positive or negative. Design/methodology/approach Grounded in Socio-Technical Systems (STS) theory and aligned with the principles of Industry 5.0, the study proposes and empirically tests a theoretical model. The model includes three antecedents, system quality (SQ), experience with technology (ET), and technology use (TU), and one dependent variable: WWB. Data were collected through a structured survey of 217 non-knowledge workers in the Italian manufacturing sector and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. Findings The results confirm that Industry 4.0 technologies do have a significant impact on WWB. All three antecedents positively influence well-being, with SQ exerting the strongest effect, followed by ET and TU. These findings indicate that, contrary to concerns about alienation or loss of autonomy, the adoption of Industry 4.0 machines can enhance the quality of working life for non-knowledge workers. Originality/value This study is among the first to empirically investigate the impact of Industry 4.0 on the well-being of non-knowledge workers, a group often overlooked in digital transformation research. By addressing this theoretical gap, the study extends the application of STS theory and offers practical insights for fostering more inclusive, human-centric industrial environments in line with the vision of Industry 5.0.