Towards Universal Donor Blood: A Review of Adjacent Research and Emerging Bio-Technologies for Increased Donor Blood Availability

The blood transfusions are very important in modern medicine, and incompatibility with the ABO antigens or Rh immunization probably causes an immune reaction termed as Transfusion reactions. In this review, we discuss the methodologies currently used to change or remove blood group antigens associative products. With the majority of previous research concentrating on biotechnological advancements have facilitated the development of enzyme like glycosidases for antigen removal, less is known about advanced strategies such as recombinant enzymes and nanoparticle-based approaches that directly target antigens. To enhance antigen removal, bio- informatics approaches can be employed to optimize recombinant enzymes with improved efficiency. To isolate blood components and decrease the antigenic protein on RBC membrane, centrifugation was performed as well as chromatography operations. The focus of the review was to develop blood products that could be given into any recipient, by removing antigens A and B from red cells. Although, enzymatic treatments managed to eliminate the antigens partially with effectiveness; but haemolysis posed a problem as it became a difficult issue for staining. This review also shed light on enhanced antigen removals thus providing extensive red blood cells health protection which in turned contributes to the massive goal of enhancing transfusion safety and increasing universal donor availability throughout globe. Worldwide, the distribution of levels is roughly as follows: $\mathbf{4 5}$ percent $\mathbf{O}$ positive, $\mathbf{3 9}$ percent A confident, 12 percent $\mathrm{B}, 4$ percent AB. Group O negative blood is given to any patient. That makes it the universal donor group, because if all else fails we could give that type of blood safely in an emergency; even when you have no idea what your own Rhesus status may be. On the other hand, it occurs in only 2 to 3 percent of people, yet more than one out of every ten requests made by hospitals for red blood cell units is for this uncommon group.