Simulation-based optimization of nanocarrier design for loaded anticancer drug adriamycin photothermal sustained release system and its drug release characteristics

Cancer has become the second largest "killer" threatening human life, and it is expected that by 2030, the number of deaths will exceed 13.1 million per year globally.Adriamycin, as a widely used anticancer drug in clinical practice, faces limitations such as dose-dependent cardiotoxicity and other side effects.In this study, two nanocarrier systems, D-PNAx nanogel and PGFMSN particles, were designed using a simulation-simulation optimization method, characterized by dynamic light scattering method, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction, and evaluated for drug release properties, biocompatibility, and antitumor effects.The results showed that L-CS-g-PNIPAM nanoparticles had relatively high drug loading (13.6%) and encapsulation rate (75.2%), and the particle sizes were all below 350 nm (275.119.2nm), which were suitable for targeting tumors via EPR effect.pH and temperature responsiveness studies showed that under the condition of the tumor microenvironment (pH 5.0,37C), 72 hour cumulative drug release rate could reach 85%, which was significantly higher than normal physiological conditions.In vivo antitumor experiments confirmed the targeting and safety of the nanocarrier system.The copper ion content of lung and tumor tissues in the CuS-PEI-siRNA-SFNs group was significantly higher than that in the CuS group, while the hemolysis rate was only 0.1%, which was much lower than that in the CuS group (49.2%).In this study, we successfully constructed a photothermal slow-release nanocarrier system for adriamycin, which provides a new strategy to improve the effect of tumor treatment and reduce drug toxicity.