A Review of Pulsatile Drug Delivery Systems

Pulsatile drug delivery systems (PDDS) are innovative approaches designed to release drugs in a controlled, time-specific manner to match the biological rhythms of the human body. Unlike conventional sustained or controlled-release systems that maintain steady drug levels, Pulsatile drug delivery systems (PDDS) ensure the release of drugs at predetermined intervals, making them particularly useful for diseases influenced by circadian rhythms, such as asthma, arthritis, cardiovascular disorders, and diabetes Pulsatile drug delivery systems (PDDS) can be classified based on various mechanisms, including time-controlled and stimuli-responsive (such as magnetic fields and ultrasound). These systems enhance therapeutic outcomes by increasing drug bioavailability, minimizing adverse effects, and promoting patient compliance. Formulation strategies involve single-unit and multi-unit systems, using hydrogels, osmotic pumps, and pH-sensitive polymers to achieve the desired drug release profile. This review analyzes the principles, classification, formulation technologies, and recent advancements in pulsatile drug delivery systems (PDDS). It also highlights challenges, such as manufacturing complexities, stability issues, and regulatory considerations, that must be addressed for a successful clinical application. The growing demand for personalized medicine and smart drug delivery further underscores the potential of PDDS in further pharmaceutical research and development.