Post-Discharge Trajectories of Romanian Premature Infants: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Associated Factors

(1) Background: Prematurity remains a leading contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality, with long-term consequences that extend well beyond the neonatal period. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify key maternal, perinatal, and neonatal factors that influence the short- and long-term evolution of preterm infants. It also seeks to evaluate the level of post-discharge follow-up care, parental involvement during NICU hospitalization, access to supportive therapies such as physiotherapy and RSV prophylaxis, and the impact of breastfeeding practices. Additionally, the study explores parental awareness and use of recent national initiatives in Romania, such as the "Premature and Vulnerable Newborn's Notebook". (2) Methods: A total of 360 mothers of preterm infants born between 2001 and 2025 responded to a structured questionnaire assessing clinical characteristics, NICU care, parental involvement, and post-discharge support. (3) Results: The findings indicate that assisted reproduction and pregnancy plurality were associated with higher maternal age, while vaginal delivery was associated with lower gestational age at birth. Notably, only 25% of infants were enrolled in structured follow-up programs, and a large proportion of families relied on private services for physical therapy. Kangaroo mother care was reported by just 16.4% of mothers. While breastfeeding rates improved after discharge, access to multidisciplinary follow-up and public physiotherapy remains limited. Encouragingly, most mothers endorsed the proposed national initiative for a "Premature and Vulnerable Newborn's Notebook." (4) Conclusions: This study underscores the urgent need for a comprehensive national follow-up strategy to ensure equitable and continuous care for Romania's vulnerable preterm population.