Hashtag Politics: The Role of Twitter (X) in Shaping Political Narratives in Pakistan

In recent years, Twitter (now X) has emerged as a powerful tool for shaping political narratives in Pakistan. Political leaders, parties, journalists, and citizens increasinglyuse hashtags to frame issues, mobilize supporters, and influence public opinion. These digital conversations often spill over into mainstream media, amplifying their reach and impact. Hashtag politics in Pakistan has become a dynamic arena where competingnarratives ranging from governance performance and corruption allegations to nationalism and electoral campaigns are contested in real time. The platform enables both top-down political messaging and bottom-up grassroots activism, fostering political engagement across diverse demographics. However, it also intensifies political polarization, spreads disinformation, and reinforces echo chambers. This study examines the evolving role of Twitter in Pakistan’s political landscape, highlighting how the strategic use of hashtags can both strengthen democratic participation and shape the direction of national political discourse.