Coronary artery spasms and/or coronary air embolisms and contrast-induced encephalopathy during cryoablation of atrial fibrillation: a case report

The key step of CIE may be attributed to a blood-brain barrier breakdown, which is influenced by multiple factors, including the direct chemotoxicity and hyperosmolarity of the contrast agent, ischaemic stroke (including cerebral vasoconstriction), and anaesthesia. Thus, physicians should consider the possibility of CIE when a patient exhibits neurological abnormalities during ablation, despite a lack of a CIE history with contrast-enhanced CT.