Evidence of a Connection between Turbostratic Structure and Twisted Graphene

The objective of this study is to ascertain the fundamental characteristics of the turbostratic structure through direct means. The employment of contrast features intrinsic to nanoporous carbon curved layers has been demonstrated to facilitate the observation of rotation between parallel layers. This observation is made through the application of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy in the direction of layer distribution. This outcome directly corroborates the hypothesis that the turbostratic structure is the result of multiple layers of twisted graphene that have been stacked together. Through the implementation of precise XRD peak fitting procedures, we have further substantiated that the fundamental structural alterations occurring during the late stage of graphitization are attributed to modifications in the stacking order. The underlying cause of these alterations has been identified as variations in the twist angles of twisted graphene layers within the turbostratic structure.