Study on Acoustic Metamaterial Unit Cells: Acoustic Absorption Characteristics of Novel Tortuously Perforated Helmholtz Resonator with Consideration of Elongated Acoustic Propagation Paths

Traditional sound-absorbing materials, which are intended to address the issue of low-frequency noise control in automobile air-conditioning duct mufflers, have limited noise reduction effects in small spaces. Because of their straightforward structure and excellent controllability, acoustic metamaterials-particularly Helmholtz resonators-have emerged as a research hotspot in low-frequency noise reduction. However, existing technologies have issues such as restricted structural scale, narrow absorption frequency bands, and conflicts with ventilation requirements. To address these, this paper proposes a new type of Helmholtz perforated and tortuous-characteristic duct muffler for the unit cell of acoustic metamaterials. Through the innovative structural design combining a perforated panel with a multi-channel tortuous cavity, the length of the channel is changed in a limited space, thereby extending the sound wave propagation path and enhancing the dissipation of sound wave energy. Meanwhile, for the muffler, acoustic theoretical modeling, finite element simulation, and parametric optimization methods are adopted to systematically analyze the influence of its key structural parameters on the sound transmission loss (STL) of the muffler. Compared with the traditional folded-channel metamaterial, the two differ in resonance frequency by 38 Hz, in transmission loss by 1.157 dB, and in effective bandwidth by 1 Hz. This research provides theoretical support and design basis for solving the problem of low-frequency noise control in ventilation ducts, improves low-frequency broadband sound absorption performance, and promotes the engineering application of high-efficiency noise reduction devices.