Pleural cavitations and pneumothorax following axitinib therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A case report

Abstract Background Tumor cavitation and pneumothorax are uncommon yet serious complications of antiangiogenic therapies. These risks are particularly significant in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Axitinib, a selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs), is generally used as a second‐line treatment for mRCC. However, rare cases of lung metastases with cavitary lesions and pneumothorax have been reported after the use of axitinib. Therefore, we decided to report one of these rare cases. Case presentation A 46‐year‐old male with mRCC developed pleural cavitations and secondary pneumothorax after starting axitinib therapy. Despite intensive management, his condition worsened with recurrent pneumothorax, ultimately leading to sepsis and multiorgan failure. Conclusion This case underscores the potential risks of tumor cavitation‐induced pneumothorax in patients receiving axitinib. Close radiological monitoring and timely intervention are essential for reducing morbidity and mortality in such cases. Clinicians should remain vigilant for this rare but serious complication during axitinib therapy.