A New Time-Sensitive Graph Model for Conflict Resolution with Simultaneous Decision-Maker Moves

The time dimension critically shapes decision-making and conflict evolution in real-world scenarios. This paper extends the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution (GMCR) framework by integrating time attributes, proposing a novel Time-Sensitive GMCR (TSGMCR) methodology that supports concurrent moves by multiple decision-makers (DMs). Within TSGMCR, we define new stability concepts and implement comparative analysis. The methodology is applied to the Jakarta–Bandung high-speed railway project conflict, demonstrating its effectiveness in resolving complex real-world conflicts and identifying beneficial coalition formations.