Analysis of specific failure conditions in electrified propulsion systems using cryogenic hydrogen as a primary energy carrier

Abstract In order to minimize emissions of the aerospace sector and thus its impact on the climate, several novel concepts of propulsion systems for aircraft are being developed. Many of these concepts do not use an energy source based on the combustion of hydrocarbons, but other means of energy generation and storage like hydrogen fuel cells and corresponding hydrogen storage systems. The use of hydrogen as a primary energy carrier in aircraft poses novel and different hazards when compared to conventional propulsion and fuel storage systems. The study described in the present paper identifies, analyzes, and evaluates failure conditions and corresponding hazards that are associated with the electrified propulsion systems. Mitigation strategies to prevent failures to occur or decrease their severity are recommended. The effects of the assessed failures on aircraft, crew, and occupants are classified as catastrophic, hazardous or major as defined in the according Certification Specifications. Failure Conditions occurring at the aircraft, system, and subsystem levels are considered and their effect on the aircraft and propulsion system is assessed. The hazards identified mostly emerge due to the properties of the gaseous or liquid hydrogen. They include the flammability of gaseous hydrogen and the very low temperatures of cryogenic liquid hydrogen as well as the installation of high voltage power infrastructure and high capacity heat exchangers.