Biologic Therapies and Janus Kinase Inhibitors for Medium and Variable Vessel Vasculitides: A Review of Clinical and Preclinical Evidence

Medium and variable vessel vasculitides are a heterogeneous group of rare, immune-mediated vascular disorders that are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The standard treatment approach involves glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents. However, many patients exhibit poor tolerance or respond inadequately to these medications. Recent advances in biologic therapies and Janus Kinase inhibitors (JAKis) offer promising alternatives. This review consolidates current knowledge on the pathogenesis, immunology, and therapeutic efficacy of biologics and JAKis in the management of medium and variable vessel vasculitis. While further research is needed to establish long-term safety and optimize treatment protocols, biologics and JAKis represent emerging therapeutic strategies with the potential to improve outcomes.