What is New about the 2025 GOLD Report?

CardiovasCular risk i n COPD PatientsStable COPD patients often have increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevalence due to aging, smoking, inflammation, hypoxemia, and hyperinflation. 8-10CVD worsens COPD through edema, postcapillary pulmonary hypertension (PH), and reduced oxygen delivery.Screening for CVD in COPD patients is pivotal.During COPD exacerbations, cardiovascular risk spikes due to inflammation and gas exchange issues, with heightened risk of events such as myocardial infarction.This risk remains high postdischarge, especially in severe cases. 11 aPPliCation o f Chest ComPuted tomograPhyChest computed tomography (CT) scans are increasingly used in COPD evaluation, assessing emphysema severity, aiding surgical decisions, and screening for lung cancer.They reveal bronchiectasis, mucus plugs, and airway changes, helping identify small airway abnormalities.CT also detects comorbidities such as coronary calcification, pulmonary artery enlargement, bone density, interstitial lung disease, hiatal hernias, and liver steatosis, affecting mortality. 12