Ultrasound-assessed Diaphragmatic Function as a Predictor of Lung Function and Exercise Capacity in Stable COPD: A Case–Control Study

ARTICLE(FEV 1 ), and has been shown to adversely affect both quality of life and survival outcomes in affected individuals. 5 Ultrasound assessment of the diaphragm offers a practical, noninvasive, radiation-free, and bedside-appropriate imaging technique.It allows real-time static and dynamic evaluation of IntroductIonChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent and manageable condition marked by long-term respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation, typically resulting from significant exposure to harmful particles or gases, as outlined by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). 1 It currently ranks as the fourth leading cause of death globally and is projected to become the third by the year 2030. 2 Due to its chronic and progressive nature, continuous monitoring and regular assessment are crucial in managing COPD and gauging treatment effectiveness.Commonly employed evaluation tools include pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), which help track disease progression and response to therapy.Beyond pulmonary involvement, COPD also induces systemic effects, including inflammatory processes that contribute to diaphragmatic dysfunction.Other contributing factors include hyperinflation-related mechanical strain, oxidative stress, reduced protein synthesis, and increased cell death. 3 Research has demonstrated differences in diaphragmatic parameters-such as thickness, mass, and surface area-when comparing COPD patients with healthy individuals. 4 Impaired diaphragmatic function has been linked to poorer pulmonary function, notably reduced forced expiratory volume in 1 second 1,