Biogenesis and implication of miRNAs in the development of diseases and their theranostic inhibitions

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), the naturally derived (canonical or non-canonical biogenesis) small non-coding RNAs linked to many crucial cellular processes and their dysregulations have emerged as the regulators of genes expression, mRNA translation, and proteins synthesis contributing to multiple pathological disease-progression and prognosis. Owing to the un-steadiness of miRNAs and their complex-degradation of mRNAs by nucleases and their dysregulated identifications in biological fluids as biomarkers for the development of diseases, miRNA mimics and anti-miRNAs molecules may be applied to restore miRNA expression or downregulate aberrantly expressed miRNAs as therapeutics loaded with delivery systems. This review denotes mainly the recent advances of the miRNA-based therapeutic delivery systems (such as viral, liposomal, exosomal and polymeric) as well as the novel strategies as emerging delivery systems (such as DNA origami, magnetosomes, micro needles and selenium nanoparticles) to diagnose and treat various diseases. Keywords: miRNAs; Biogenesis; Biomarkers; Diseases; miRNA-based delivery systems; Novel strategies