Therapeutic role of essential oils in atopic dermatitis: A review

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent inflammatory skin disorder. Its pathogenesis is influenced by multiple factors that impair both physical and psychological well-being. Traditional treatments, including corticosteroids, calcium-modulated phosphatase inhibitors, antibiotics, and other agents, are often linked to significant side effects, the risk of drug resistance, and the potential for secondary harm. In contrast, essential oils derived from natural plants have shown promising therapeutic effects against AD. These oils exhibit biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects while maintaining low toxicity and minimal side effects. Such properties enable essential oils to modulate immune responses, enhance skin barrier function, and regulate microbial ecosystems, thereby exerting favorable anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. This review explores the pathogenesis of AD and the mechanisms through which essential oils contribute to its management, highlighting key natural essential oils and their active components with therapeutic potential for AD. Additionally, it contrasts the benefits and drawbacks of conventional therapies versus essential oils in AD treatment. The review also discusses notable examples of essential oil applications in clinical AD trials, aiming to support the development of novel therapeutic strategies for dermatitis and lay the groundwork for future research in AD treatment.