Sexually Transmitted Infections: Usefulness of Molecular Methods for Microorganism Detection in Stored Sexual Assault Samples

Sexual assault is a global public health and human rights concern, with serious physical, psychological and reproductive consequences for survivors. Among these, sexually transmitted infections are particularly relevant due to their frequently asymptomatic nature and potential for long-term complications. The detection of sexually transmitted infections in forensic settings is crucial for clinical management of victims and for evidentiary support in forensic sexual crimes investigations. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of real-time polymerase chain reaction for detecting <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>, <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i>, <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>, and <i>Treponema pallidum</i> in biological samples collected from victims of sexual assault and stored under routine forensic conditions, in some cases, for up to 18 years. A total of 231 swabs from 116 individuals collected between 2004 and 2017 were analysed using real-time PCR with pathogen-specific primers and fluorescent probes. The analysis revealed 13 positive samples of <i>T. vaginalis</i> (5.6%) and 11 of <i>C. trachomatis</i> (4.8%). No positive results were obtained for <i>N. gonorrhoeae</i> or <i>T. pallidum</i>. These findings demonstrate the usefulness of real-time polymerase chain reaction for detecting sexually transmitted infections in long-term preserved forensic samples. Moreover, the ability to identify pathogen DNA in archived samples highlights the potential role of molecular diagnostics in the retrospective investigation of sexual crimes, including cold cases. It underscores the value of molecular methods as a complementary tool in forensic proceedings and survivor care.