State of living ground cover in Pinus sylvestris L. stands of the Losiny Ostrov National Park

As part of this study, a comprehensive list of vascular plants was compiled to systematize and account for the vegetation cover on permanent observation plots within the Losiny Ostrov National Park. The list includes more than 50 species representing 44 genera and 28 families. Analysis of species composition revealed that species richness varied from 13 to 25 species across observation plots, indicating structural differences among plant communities. Carex pilosa Huds., Convallaria majalis L., and Fragaria vesca L. were the most frequently occurring species (90% occurrence), while Oxalis acetosella L. exhibited the highest projective cover (up to 70%). Analysis of ecocoenotic groups indicated a prevalence of nemoral, meadow, and nitrophilous species. Jaccard and Shannon indexes suggested high stability and biodiversity in these plant communities, with local variations attributed to environmental factors. An analysis of plant strategies revealed a dominance of species exhibiting competitive and ruderal strategies, reflecting the adaptability of these communities to broad-leaved forest conditions. In summary, this study highlights the floristic richness, complex structural relationships, and ecological flexibility of the plant communities within the Losiny Ostrov National Park, providing a foundation for further ecological research.