Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Red Industrial Heritage in Hebei, China

Red industrial heritage is a crucial component of global socialist industrial civilization, embodying both industrial memory and revolutionary spirit. However, its preservation faces significant challenges, including insufficient policy attention, homogenized revitalization models, and a lack of systematic research. This study uses Hebei Province, a key region where modern industry and revolutionary history intersect, as a case study. By employing Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis and historical geography, the research explores the spatiotemporal patterns and underlying factors that influence the distribution of red industrial heritage. The findings reveal: (1) the spatial distribution is irregular, exhibiting concentration, with high density in the central and southern parts of Hebei, while the northern and eastern areas are more dispersed; (2) The spatiotemporal evolution aligns with significant historical events; (3) The distribution pattern is shaped by multiple factors, with the dynamics of modern Chinese warfare and historical policies serving as the primary driving forces, interacting with natural geographical factors. This study enhances our comprehension of the significance of red industrial heritage and, based on its spatiotemporal variations, proposes a tiered, sustainable preservation strategy. It provides valuable insights into the preservation of socialist industrial heritage both in China and globally.