Post-Quantum Lattice Cryptography: Theory, Applications and Standardization Analysis

The traditional system protocols, like Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), rely on many computer issues that are easily solved by quantum computing algorithms, such as Shor's. This creates a big threat for these algorithms. Such challenges give birth to lattice-based cryptography which has emerged as a post-quantum alternative. The well-known lattice-based cryptography emerged out by understanding the difficulties of different lattices that include LWE and SVP. In the current scenario, the fundamental ideas concerning lattice structures arranged by lattice structure cryptography, and their applications in data encryption, digital authentication, and key exchange techniques are reviewed. In addition to their mathematical fundamentals, this paper demonstrates major research gaps-particularly the absence of beneficial overviews and comparative research investigations. Analyzing the benefits, limitations, and potential applications of their NIST-selected strategies, Kyber and Dilithium could possibly be used in actual applications like cloud computing and healthcare, allowing us to tackle this problem. Additionally encompassed are equivalent tables including specific sectors, instances of use, and method efficiency. That emphasizes both fundamental concepts and realistic implementation, this work tries to connect theoretical investigations with practical postquantum encryption advancement.