Non-invasive focusing and imaging through scattering media via a fluorescence matrix constructed from 1D speckle signals

Non-invasive measurement of the transmission matrix (TM) enables light focusing through scattering media using linear fluorescence signals. However, its speed is limited by the frame rate of the array detector. Although photodetectors can achieve fast light focusing, they can only detect single-point signals and are ineffective in scenarios that require speckle information, such as non-invasive focusing. Here, we propose an approach that uses 1D speckle signals to non-invasively construct a fluorescence-based TM of scattering media. After the TM is obtained, both non-invasive fluorescence-guided focusing and non-invasive fluorescence imaging through scattering media can be achieved. We experimentally demonstrate its effectiveness using discrete and continuous fluorescent targets. This method provides new possibilities for the utilization of linear array detectors in TM measurement and holds promising implications for biomedical imaging.