Population Dynamics and Ecological Patterns of <i>Vitalaria paradoxa Nilotica Nilotica</i> in the Gambella Region: Implications for Sustainable Management in South Western Ethiopia

Conservation and sustainable management practices are crucial for preservation of most threatened species of Vitalaria paradoxa Nilotica Nilotica for enhancing the socio-economic benefit in Ethiopia. This study employs quantitative methods to assess the population dynamics and regeneration status of Vitellaria paradoxa Nilotica (VPN) across three sites in the Gambella Regional State: Terkudi in Abobo district, Elia in Itang district, and Ateti in Gog district. Primary data were collected through transect walk and secondary data were gathered from existing documents. A forest inventory was conducted by establishing nine transect lines, with five sample quadrats per line, leading to an effective sampling area of 4.5 hectares. The results indicate a total tree population of 463, with the highest density in Ateti site (185 trees) and the lowest in Elia (131 trees). Sapling counts further favor Ateti, which recorded 76 saplings compared to Elia's 46. The average diameter at breast height (DBH) was 14.7cm, with Terkudi showing the largest mean DBH (15.10cm) and Elia the smallest (14.37cm). The average tree height across sites was 10.84 meters, reflecting generally healthy growth conditions, albeit impacted by anthropogenic activities. The findings of this study underscore the significant influence of environmental factors, specifically altitude and slope on height of the population dynamics of Vitalaria paradoxa Nilotica in the Gambella Region. The strong positive correlation coefficients across the three sites indicate that increased altitude is associated with heightened plant growth and the statistically significant P-values further validate these relationships. The study highlights the need for improved management strategies, including artificial plantations and agroforestry systems, to enhance food security and economic gains. The findings underscore the significant regeneration potential of VPN in Gog Woreda, while emphasizing the threats posed by agricultural expansion and human settlement. Effective management and community-based initiatives are essential for protecting and enhancing the ecological and economic value of VPN in the region.