Use of Microbially Induced Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate in Biotechnology

Microbially induced precipitation of calcium carbonate is a natural biomineralization process that produces calcium carbonate crystals. In recent years, this process has attracted significant attention in the field of biotechnology due to its broad application potential. The resulting calcium carbonate crystals can be used, for example, for bonding and cementing of various particles, making this biotechnology applicable in soil stabilization, enhancing the mechanical properties of concrete, or in concrete recycling. Therefore, it has the potential to address environmental problems such as landslides or the enormous carbon footprint of the construction industry. In addition, it can also be used to immobilise heavy metals in carbonates, offering promising applications in bioremediation. All these applications are the subject of this review paper. However, despite its promise, this innovative technology has its limitations. To date, the majority of studies have been confined to laboratory-scale experiments, with challenges persisting in scaling the process for field applications. Obstacles for larger-scale applications include the homogeneity in treated soil, the long-term stability of compounds with immobilized heavy metals or the strength of the concrete. Undoubtedly, one of the major obstacles to large-scale applications is the cost; therefore, the paper examines the potential avenues for reducing the overall expenses of the process. The paper also identifies unresolved aspects of the process that require further investigation and deeper understanding to unlock the full potential of this innovative technology.