Assessing the Welfare of Spiny Lobsters and True Lobsters in Aquaria: Biology-Informed Best-Practice Guidelines for Captive Conditions

The welfare of decapod crustaceans held in captivity, whether in aquariums, holding facilities, seafood restaurants, supermarkets, or fishmongers, is attracting growing attention and concern. This review focuses on three species that are commonly found in European commercial environments: the European spiny lobster (<i>Palinurus elephas</i>), the European lobster (<i>Homarus gammarus</i>), and the American lobster (<i>Homarus americanus</i>). We examine the biology and behavioural ecology of these decapods, emphasising their natural habits and environmental requirements. Based on current scientific knowledge, we propose conditions for their confinement that better align with their biological and behavioural needs. These crustaceans are commonly subjected to stressful captive environments characterised by overcrowding, claw immobilisation through banding, an absence of shelter or hiding spaces, and continuous exposure to direct lighting. Such practices contrast starkly with the animals' innate behaviours and natural habitats, likely compromising their physical health and psychological welfare. It is thereby recommended that spiny lobsters and lobsters be kept separated and stocked at an appropriate density, that each animal should be provided with a shelter and have enough space to turn around, that true lobsters should never have their claws tied, that no direct light should be placed above the aquaria, and that water quality should be routinely monitored. By exploring the welfare challenges associated with confining these species, this review aims to promote a more ethical and humane approach to their care in commercial settings, and to encourage practices that enhance their quality of life in captivity.