The potential of farnesene isomer mixtures to support the control of aphids in the cultivation of lettuce crops

Abstract (E) -ß-farnesene (EBF) acts as an alarm pheromone of many aphid species and is also used as an aphid repellent by plants. Upon perception of EBF, aphids exhibit avoidance behavior. They walk away, stop feeding or drop from leaves. Moreover, EBF is an attractant for natural enemies of aphids. However, EBF is not used in pest management because it is expensive in its pure form. Therefore, we assessed the effect of a less expensive farnesene isomer mixture (FIM) on Myzus persicae (Sternorrhyncha: Aphidiae) on lettuce ( Lactuca sativa var. Ulmo) in the laboratory and under field conditions. First, we tested under laboratory conditions if FIM has the same effect on M. persicae as it is described for pure EBF. The aphids were influenced by EBF. They stopped feeding, withdrew their stylets, went away from the danger zone, or developed and reproduced more slowly. Therefore, we studied the behavioral response of the aphids after FIM application and aphid reproduction under permanent exposure of FIM. Second, we tested in the field the reaction to FIM either directly applied to lettuce or released by dispensers. In the lab experiments, we found that M. persicae reacts to FIM by walking away and that reproduction tends to be reduced in the presence of FIM. In the field, we found lower numbers of aphids in the treatments with FIM. In particular, dispenser application caused higher aphid reduction compared to spray application on lettuce. In addition, more natural enemies of aphids could be found in dispenser-treated plots. Taken together, these results indicate that the use of FIM could contribute to insecticide-free aphid control in lettuce, but possibly also in other crops.